CURRENT UNBALANCE: CAUSES, EFFECTS AND PROTECTION
In three phase systems, current unbalance is defined as the maximum deviation of any phase current from average divided by…
THREE-PHASE TO GROUND SHORT CIRCUIT WAVEFORM
Characteristics of a Three Phase to Ground fault Following are some of the characteristic ‘signatures’ of a three phase to…
RELAY CONTACT ARCING WAVEFORM
When current flow through inductive circuit is interrupted, voltage proportional to V= L (di/dt) is produced. This voltage can be…
Current Transformer Failure Due to Capacitor Bank Discharge Current
Current Transformer (CT) failure can be due to many reasons some of which are contamination, open circuit secondary, incorrect application…
Current Transformer DC Saturation and Time to Saturate
Saturation of current transformers (CT) when carrying high magnitude current is a well-known phenomenon. Usually symmetrical fault current is used…
PARAMETERS THAT DETERMINE TRANSFORMER INRUSH CURRENT
High magnitude current lasting few power cycles during switching on a power transformer is known as transformer inrush current. Magnitude…
How Does Power Transformer Saturate?
Power transformer can saturate when voltage to frequency ratio for the particular transformer design is violated. Transformer is said to…
High Impedance Bus Differential Protection
High impedance bus differential is a method of differential bus protection using parallel set of current transformers (CT) from each…
Bus Differential Fault-Waveform Analysis
In this article an actual fault waveform captured on high impedance bus differential relay at 13.2 kV is discussed. Fault…
How to select taps for multi ratio current transformer?
Multi ratio current transformers (CT) allow users to pick current transformation ratio needed for specific application from a given CT.…